Thursday, 27 March 2014

AVEC L'ANGLAIS DE SPECIALITE FOOTBALL DECOUVREZ VOTRE DIMENSION INTERNATIONALE




Bridge : OUR english based education        programme for top level football sportmen and women as well as football sport officer


1.        Introduction



So To assure a better understanding of sport related job. Sportpreneurship Network operates intensive English and further educational programs which would provide not only learning opportunities for players, coaches, instructors, but also for referees, players’ agents, team managers, team’s secretary general, football journalist as well as marketing & communication experts.   

            In addition to their theoretical and practical content the English course are built on life skill and the social dimension of football at the core of youngsters development in particular .thanks to its dedicated and professional expansion of the English program

Sportpreneurship academy  is building a dynamic network enabling a more efficient exchange in formation between teachers or instructors and learners or participants.

           In so doing sportpreneurship network seeks to improve cooperation between the world football families and promote the timely dissemination of knowledge acquired using sport movement adequate language skills and tools.

           In this connection, let’s all agree that good relationship between sportpreneurship academy  and sport family movers are of a vital importance  so thanks to that cooperation we are convinced that we can further develop football and remain true to its values.



2.      Our English-based education programs



   Since the  academic year 2011 sportpreneurship network  is honored to provide you with his new football related English programs cut for sportsmen and women capacity building sake .hence our focus on the following three programs namely:



           Keys 1 and 2  dedicated to players of these categories’ ( u20, u17, u15, u13) the KEY 3 program is run in English so that players could reach the fluency in the speech before leaving for a professional carrier when that occurs 



           4GRPE is also a sportpreneurship Network 3 level English program dedicated to football-related domains. Here 4GRPE  1 & 2 serve as common background for all the football-related profession such as coaching (scout, goalkeeping, and fitness), player’s agent, football journalist, football photographer, referees, psychologist, secretary general, football media officer, team manager, football instructor and Bursar, football marketing football medicine

                    But through 4GRPE  lll we invite all the learners to focus on their vocational football area .Most important thing is that the courses are all run in English .for example a referee is taught a refereeing course in English while a chief coach is taught a coaching course in English.



Then comes our optional program called: silver



           Silver is our unique optional program intended for  graduated learners in football-related domains experts with a mastery of English who are willing to major in another football-related domain. Here again the course is run in English.

                    For example let’s take the case of a referee who succeeded the discovery lll refereeing course in English .he can register for a silver journalist English program 

If he want to improve his knowledge in the domain of journalism of football

                 Now it seems important to mention that at the end of each educational programs sportpreneurship academy will award a degree to the most successful students if only they succeed at the final exam meant for them, at the end of each program. But their may well be some assessment test or quizzes during the formation.



               The gold program: this is the main but selective program we operate at sportpreneurship academy. it’s devoted to the training of football consultant .theses courses are run by football domains experts who masters English language .the course is intended for student who have graduated the silver degree in ten domain of football at sportpreneurship academy  .

                The successful consultants formed are likely to integrate the football consultant big and great family either as football ambassadors or representatives in the world



3.teaching methodology: THE COMPETENCE – BASED TRAINING LESSON


Competence-Based Training is a new teaching methodology as far as the Ivorian Education System is concerned. It originated in Canada. It was introduced into Elementary and Vocational Secondary Schools. It has been put into practice by Senegal and the Republic of Benin for quite a long time. The main focus is on competency.

Competence-Based Training puts particular emphasis on what the learner needs for his development, promotion and success.

In the learning process four basic skills are particularly emphasized. They are: speaking, writing, listening and reading.

           It consists of four basic stages:
A. Introductory phase

The introductory phase includes three steps:

                 1°) Warm-up

The teacher deal with greetings, singing, date writing and asking questions about the weather.

The length of time devoted to warm-up is three minutes.

               2°) Revision

The second step is a quick review of the previous lesson. (3mns)

               3°) Lead-in exercise

The lead-in exercise is a transition between the previous lesson and the new one.

             B. IN PUT PHASE
This stage is concerned with the teaching of new vocabulary items and new grammatical structures.

             C. APPLICATION / ACTIVATION PHASE
The student puts into practice the vocabulary items and the grammatical structures he has learnt during the IN-PUT phase.

One or more exercises will allow the learners to put into practice one or several aspect of what he is learning.



              E. INTEGRATION PHASE

The learners are given the opportunity to re-use the items he has learnt during the lesson to solve a problem of current interest.

          This exercise appears at the end of every unit. It gives the pupil the opportunity to solve a problem by using all the knowledge he has acquired throughout a whole unit.



     



                                  
     We better your soccer-oriented english




Scope and sequence of the Tycoon and discovery level one


Compétence disciplinaire : speaking (expression orale)



Compétence de base 1 : échanger des informations oralement

Savoir : identifier des sons de la langue anglaise les structures lexicales et grammaticales pour échanger des informations, des civilités, se présenter, nommer les objets oralement les premiers jours de classe



UNIT ONE: MY FIRST ENGLISH CLASS

                    LESSONS
     LANGUAGE  FUNCTION
                  GRAMMAR
           VOCABULARY

Lesson 1: good morning class


Greetings, introducing yourself

Present simple of to be

Alphabet and greetings

Lesson 2: in the classroom


Understanding lesson directions
Spelling first and last name

Showing things this is /what is

Classroom, objects and directions

Lesson 3: numbers and sport garments

Asking for an addresse /phone number /zip code
Identifying sport garments
Pronouns/possessive adjectives
There is /there are

Numbers 0,1,2,3,4,5,6-10/10-20
Name of sport garments

Lesson 4: around the clock


Reading an analogue clock
Discussing daily activities
Present continous
Ordinary numbers
Time of the day /daily activities verbs
 Integration exercises







COMPETENCE DE BASE 2:Utiliser un langage correct pour communiquer oralement

Savoir2 : identifier des sons de la langue anglaise les structures lexicales et grammaticales pour échanger des informations sur l’environnement du travail et les métiers du football oralement

UNIT TWO: PLACES TO GO



Lessons
Language func
Grammar
vocabulary
Lesson 1 :the calendar


Reading the calendar
Question and short answers with
to be
Day of the week/month of the year

Lesson 2 :buildings

Asking and giving answer to questions about time /addresses
What are you? I’m………………..
Names of the places

Lesson 3 : at the training camp

Showing the name of things at the training camp
How are you ? I’m………………
Name of things at the training camp

Lesson 4 : Football related jobs

Identifying daily activities and football related jobs
Personal pronouns
Name of some football relate djobs
 Intégration exercices






COMPETENCE DISCIPLINAIRE 2: WRITING (expression ecrite)



Compétence de base 3 : échanger des informations par écrit



Savoir : identifier des sons de la langue anglaise les structures lexicales et grammaticales pour échanger des informations portant sur le jeu et la compétition, les  résultats sportifs par écrit

UNIT THREE : GAME AND COMPETITIONS



LESSONS

LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS
GRAMMAR
VOCABULARY
Lesson 1 :the olympique Game

Talking about sport
Gerund used as nouns
Vocabulary related to sports and games

Lesson 2 : competing and comparing
Making comparisons
Regular and irregular comparatives and superlatives
Vocabulary related to completion

Lesson 3 :sport results

Talking about sport results
Regular and irregular comparatives
And superlatives
Vocabulary related to sport results

Lesson 4 :football countries and nationalities

Introducing country member of caf and fifa
Completing forms about residences and country of origine
Asking and answering question about nationality and home country
Countries and nationalities
integration exercise






Compétence de base 4 : Utiliser un langage correct pour s’exprimer a l’écrit



Savoir : utiliser un langage correct pour s’exprimer à l’écrit sur des sujets relatifs à la sante et la nourriture en générale et sur le corps humain en particulier

UNIT FOUR : HEALTH AND FOOD



Lessons
Language functions
Grammar
Vocabulary


Lesson  1 : the body

Knowing the differents part of the body
Plurals forms of the body parts
Names of the body parts
Lesson 2: what do you eat and drink?

Ordering food in a restaurant
Commands using some /any
Names of foods and drink

Lesson 3: doctors and medecine

Stating illness
Questions and short answers with have/ to have the present simple
Ackes and pains
Medical check up common ailments and over the counter medicine

Lesson 4: what do you like ?

Identifying  the jobs of the restaurants
Expressing likes and dislikes
Present simple of to like/to want
Name of restaurant workers
INTEGRATION EXERCISES









Compétences disciplinaire 3 :listening



Compétence de base 5: RECONNAITRE LES SONS DES MOTS  ET LA STRUCTURE D’UN ENONCE ORALE



Savoir : reconnaitre les sons des mots et la structure d’un énoncé orale sur les routines dans une école de football



UNIT 5 : FOOTBALL SCHOOL ROUTINE



LESSONS

LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS
GRAMMAR
VOCABULARY
Lesson 1 ;the football school subject
Identifying football school subject
Expressing possibilities

Do  in questions and statement
Can/can’t
Vocabulary related to football academy subjects
Lesson 2;the football school facilities
Talking about the football school facilities

How long?.....................................
Preposition of location
Name of the facilities of the football school
Expression of locations

Lesson 3:the football school rules
Describing football school rules

Must /mustn’t
Some key rules of the academy
Lesson 4;the football school bus
Do a time table /planning

The present simple
Road signs
Means of transport
integration exercices









Compétence de base 6 : Démontrer sa compréhension  d’un message  oral

Savoir : démontrer sa compréhension d’un énoncé oral relatif aux qualités spécifiques essentielles d’un footballeur



UNIT 6 : S.P.I.T



LESSONS

LANGUAGE FUNCTION
GRAMMAR
VOCABULARY
lesson 1 : speed in football


Evaluating players speed
Supperlatives
Vocabulary related to speed
Leson 2 :physical condition

Expressing purpose
In order to
So as to
Vocabulary related to condition
Lesson 3 : intelligence in footballeurs

Expressing habit
To be used to

Vocabulary related to cognitive skill in players
Lessons 4 : technique in footballer

Introducing  some technical moves
Adevrbs of sequencies
Technical related vocabulry
 intégration exorcises







Competence disciplinaire :writing



Competence de base 7 : Reconnaitre les mots d’un texte et les relations entre les mots pour les comprendre



Savoir 7 : reconnaitre les mots d’un texte portant sur les célébrations au football et les relations entre les mots pour les comprendre.



UNIT 7 : FOOTBALL AWARD CELEBRATIONS



LESSONS

LANGUAGE FONCTIONS
GRAMMAR
VOCABULARY
Llesson 1:I want to be a champion

Asking someone to do something
He wants me to …………………………….
Key words related to competitions

Lesson 2:we ‘ve won the cup

Expressing opinions
Present perfect
Present perfect
Words on rejoicing

Lesson 3: the fifa golden shoes
Comparing /superlative of long adjectives
Expressing the past
He’s the most talented  boy

The past simple
Prize giving ocabulary


Lesson 4: recreation and weather

Leading a weather report


Future tense
Key words about weather and recreation 
Application








COMPETENCE DE BASE 8: Identifier l’idée principale et les informations détaillées d’un texte

Savoir : identifier l’idée principale et les informations détaillées d’un texte  portant  sur les media du football



UNIT 8 : FOOTBALL MEDIA



LESSONS

LANGUAGE FUNCTION
GRAMMAR
VOCABULARY
Lesson1 : the programmes


To accustom players to media
To use to
Media key words
Lesson 2 : the audience

Expresing feeling
I agree/i disagree
Feeling related words
Lesson 3 :the football related business and people

Introducing new jobs in football
What do you expect someone to do?
Name of football related jobs
Lesson 4 : the football TV channel

Shape an opinion to succeed in the interview
Reported speech
Vocabulary related to tv channel
APPLICATION










Scope and sequence of the Tycoon and discovery level two
 





Compétence disciplinaire 1 : speaking

Compétence de base 1 : échanger des informations oralement



Savoir 1 : identifier les sons de la langue anglaise, les structures lexicales, les structures grammaticales pour échanger des informations oralement relatives au premier cours d’anglais à l’académie de football, les couleurs et la notion de famille.



UNIT 1: first English class remembrance



    LESSONS
 LANGUAGE
                  GRAMMAR
           VOCABULARY
Lesson 1: I met my teacher
Introducing yourself
To be at present simple
Revision of things names in the classroom/as well as directions
Lesson 2: I can speak better English now

Ability to speak fluently
Phonetics and phonology

The phonetic symbols
Lesson 3:the colors

Identifying colors
Referential it and they
Name of colors
Lesson 4: the family


Identifying and naming member of the family
Who’s………………………………….. ?
Name of the family members
Application  exercises







COMPETENCE DE BASE 2:Utiliser un langage correct pour communiquer oralement



Savoir2 : utiliser correctement  les structures lexicales et grammaticales pour échanger des informations oralement sur l’hébergement, la nourriture, le diner et les activités d’une équipe de football qui est en voyage

UNIT TWO: travelling soccer team



Lessons

Language func
Grammar
vocabulary
Lesson 1 : talking about accommodations

Expressing personal taste and desires
Present simple verbs form want /need/like/hate+ infinitive
Vocabulary related to house and accommodation
Lesson 2 talking about food

Identifying the right food and the right drink for a travelling soccer team
Past continuous
Vocabulary related to food
Lesson 3 : talking about the diner

Identifying furniture in an hotel
That is /those are/here are
Vocabulary related to diner

Lesson 4 : talking about founiture

Ability to talk about a series of events
Logical adverbs
Vocabulary related to fourniture
Application  exercises






COMPETENCE DISCIPLINAIRE 2: WRITING (expression écrite)



Compétence de base 3 : échanger des informations par écrit



Savoir : identifier des sons de la langue anglaise les structures lexicales et grammaticales pour échanger des informations a l’écrit sur le coaching  d’un match ou d’une séance d’entrainement d’une équipe de football



UNIT THREE: soccer coaching



LESSONS

LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS
GRAMMAR
VOCABULARY
Lesson 1 :the work of the coach
+ an illustrative text
Expressing future plan
To be going to /future tense with will
Vocabulary related to the work of the coach
Lesson 2 : the coaching of the training session
+an illustrative text
Describing completed event in the past
 simple past
Useful expression for the coaching of the training session
Lesson 3 :the coaching team
+ an illustrative text
Story telling
Irregular verbs study
The coaching team members
Lesson 4 : coaching young players
+ an illustrative text
Sequencing events
Linking words and expressions
Vocabulary related to the coach educator dual work
 integration exercises






Compétence de base 4 : Utiliser un langage correct pour s’exprimer a l’écrit

Savoir : utiliser un langage correct pour communiquer sur le travail technico tactique du football par écrit



UNIT FOUR: technico –tactical work in football



Lessons
Language functi
Grammar
Vocabulary

Lesson  1 : basic technical skills
+ an illustrative text

Expressing an action you undergo
Passive/active voice
Vocabulary on the basic skills
Lesson 2: the dual
+ an illustrative text

Describing daily activities
to make /to do
Vocabulary related to the dual
Lesson 3: combined technical-tactical preparation
+ an illustrative text

Expressing intensity of some actions
Quantifiers 
Vocabulary related to the combined technico-tactical preparation
Lesson 4: the pressing
+an illustrative text

Expressing the manner
Adverbs of manner
 Key words related to the pressing
Application and integration exercises











Compétences disciplinaire 3 : listening



Compétence de base 5: RECONNAITRE LES SONS DES MOTS  ET LA STRUCTURE D’UN ENONCE ORALE



Savoir : reconnaitre les sons des mots et la structure d’un énoncé orale portant sur le style de jeu ou système de jeu d’une équipe de football

UNIT 5 : playing style



LESSONS

LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS
GRAMMAR
VOCABULARY
Lesson 1 ;the playing system
+an illustrative text
Stating needs and obligations


Verb of necessity must /have to
Playing style key words
Lesson 2; the tactical strategies
+an illustrative text


Making suggestions
Modal auxiliaries

Vocabulary related to tactical strategies
Lesson 3: the training of the team
+an ilustrative text


Requesting services
Could you please ………?

Useful words for training
Lesson : the players position by position
+ an illustrative text


Offering help
Would you like to ……?
May I help you?
Naming the profile
 integration exercises








Compétence de base 6 : Démontrer sa compréhension  d’un message  oral

Savoir : démontrer sa compréhension d’un énoncé oral relatif a l’aspect psychologique du football

UNIT 6 : mentale  care



LESSONS

LANGUAGE FUNCTION
GRAMMAR
VOCABULARY
lesson 1 : mentale training
+ an illustrative text

Expressing event whose drawbacks is evidenced
Présent perfect
Vocabulary related to mental training
Leson 2 : the cognitive skills
+an illustrative text

Expressing on going event whose drawbacks is evidenced
Present perfect  progressive
Cognitive skill Key words
Lesson 3 : the training of cognitive skills
+an illustrative text

Talking about completed action which has no consequence on the present time
Past perfect
Vocabulary linked to the training of cognitive skills
Lessons 4 : the player’s task
+ an illustrative text

Talking about a past action just completed which started few moment before

Past perfect progressive
Useful words on  Players task
integration exercises







Compétence disciplinaire 4 : writing



Compétence de base 7 : Reconnaitre les mots d’un texte et les relations entre les mots pour les comprendre

Savoir 7 : reconnaitre les mots d’un texte portant sur la préparation physique  et les relations entre les mots pour mieux comprendre l’art de la préparation physique des footballeurs



UNIT 7 : soccer conditionning



LESSONS

LANGUAGE FONCTIONS
GRAMMAR
VOCABULARY
Lesson 1: the performance capacities of a footballer
+an illustrative text
Expressing  an ability
Revision Can /can’t
 Key words  the performance capacities
Lesson 2:the endurance qualities
+an illustrative text

Providing evidence for an argument
Indefinite pronouns
Someone/anyone/everyone
Vocabulary related to endurance skills
Lesson 3: evaluating the intensity of training
+ an illustrative text
Expressing  your opinion
Object pronouns
Words related to intensity assment

Lesson 4: the coordination skills
+ an illustrative text
Inquiring about a process
Asking question with wh  pronouns
Key words about coordination skills
 integration exercises






COMPETENCE DE BASE 8: Identifier l’idée principale et les informations détaillées d’un texte



Savoir : identifier l’idée principale et les informations détaillées d’un texte  portant sur la formation et la préparation des gardiens de but du football

UNIT 8 : goalkeeping



LESSONS

LANGUAGE FUNCTION
GRAMMAR
VOCABULARY
Lesson1 : technical aspect
+ an illustrative text

Providing cause and effect in the speech
If clauses
Key words related to goalkeepers technical skills
Lesson 2 : tactical aspect
+ an illustrative text

Showing  correcness
Coordination conjunctions
Vocabulary about the tactical work of the goalkeeper
Lesson 3 : the role of the goalkeeping coach
+an illustrative text

Localization and situation 
The preposition
Words about the goalkeeper coach work
Lesson 4 : the top flight goalkeeper training session


 the complex sentence building
The propositions subordonnées
Lieu
Cause
Temps but
Words about the training session
integration exercises











Scope and sequence of 4GRPE level three
 





PERIODE : 1ere semaine – volume horaires : 5h en raison d’une heure /jour



Central topic: EDUCATION



TEXTE FILE 1: BETTER COACHES LEADS TO BETTER PLAYERS



SAVOIR: s’exprimer couramment et comprendre aisément les énoncés tant écrit qu’oraux sur l’apport de l’éducation dans le football



Expose : point focal maitrise des quatre compétences disciplinaires



Compétences disciplinaires
séances
Activités
SPEAKING

SEANCE 1
Exploitation orale du texte
WRITING
SÉANCE 2
Exploitation des structure lexicales du texte
READING

SÉANCE 3
Exploitation des structure grammaticales du  texte
LISTENIN
SÉANCE 4
Etude ordonnee du texte pour comprendre sa structure logique



PERIODE : 2eme  semaine – volume horaires : 5h en raison d’une heure /jour



Central topic: FOOTBALL MEDECINE



TEXTE FILE 2: research and injuries prevention



SAVOIR: s’exprimer couramment et comprendre aisément les énoncés tant écrit qu’oraux sur la Medecine du  football



Expose : point focal maitrise des quatre compétences disciplinaires



Compétences disciplinaires
séances
Activités
SPEAKING
SEANCE 1
Exploitation orale du texte
WRITING

SÉANCE 2
Exploitation des structure lexicales du texte
READING

SÉANCE 3
Exploitation des structure grammaticales du  texte
LISTENING

SÉANCE 4
Etude ordonnee du texte pour comprendre sa structure logique




PERIODE : 3ere semaine – volume horaires : 5h en raison d’une heure /jour



Central topic:  FIFA



TEXTE FILE 1: FIFA development work



SAVOIR: s’exprimer couramment et comprendre aisément les énoncés tant écrit qu’oraux sur la fifa et ses travaux de developement



Expose : point focal maitrise des quatre compétences disciplinaires



Compétences disciplinaires
séances
Activités
SPEAKING

SEANCE 1
Exploitation orale du texte
WRITING
SÉANCE 2
Exploitation des structure lexicales du texte
READING
SÉANCE 3
Exploitation des structure grammaticales du  texte
LISTENING
SÉANCE 4
Etude ordonnee du texte pour comprendre sa structure logique





PERIODE : 4ere semaine – volume horaires : 5h en raison d’une heure /jour



Central topic: REFREEING



TEXTE FILE 4:THE LAW OF THE GAME



SAVOIR: s’exprimer couramment et comprendre aisément les énoncés tant écrit qu’oraux sur l’interpretation des lois du jeu



Expose : point focal maitrise des quatre compétences disciplinaires







Compétences disciplinaires
séances
Activités
SPEAKING

SEANCE 1
Exploitation orale du texte
WRITING
SÉANCE 2
Exploitation des structure lexicales du texte
READING
SÉANCE 3
Exploitation des structure grammaticales du  texte
LISTENIN
SÉANCE 4
Etude ordonnee du texte pour comprendre sa structure logique






PERIODE : 5 ere semaine – volume horaires : 5h en raison d’une heure /jour



Central topic: social dimention of football



TEXTE FILE 5: the corporate resposability



SAVOIR: s’exprimer couramment et comprendre aisément les énoncés tant écrit qu’oraux sur l’apport social du football



Expose : point focal maitrise des quatre compétences disciplinaires




Compétences disciplinaires
séances
Activités
SPEAKING

SEANCE 1
Exploitation orale du texte
WRITING

SÉANCE 2
Exploitation des structure lexicales du texte
READING
SÉANCE 3
Exploitation des structure grammaticales du  texte
LISTENING

SÉANCE 4

Etude ordonnee du texte pour comprendre sa structure logique







PERIODE : 6ere semaine – volume horaires : 5h en raison d’une heure /jour



Central topic: ECONOMY



TEXTE FILE 6: INVESTING IN YOUTH FOOTBALL

SAVOIR: s’exprimer couramment et comprendre aisément les énoncés tant écrit qu’oraux sur l’importance des investissement de la fifa dans le processus de developement des jeunes footballeurs.



Expose : point focal maitrise des quatre compétences disciplinaires





Compétences disciplinaires
séances
Activités
SPEAKING

SEANCE 1
Exploitation orale du texte
WRITING
SÉANCE 2
Exploitation des structure lexicales du texte
READING
SÉANCE 3
Exploitation des structure grammaticales du  texte
LISTENING

SÉANCE 4

Etude ordonnee du texte pour comprendre sa structure logique





PERIODE : 7 ere semaine – volume horaires : 5h en raison d’une heure /jour



Central topic: : politic



TEXTE FILE 7: football provides perfect opportunities for reconciliation



SAVOIR: s’exprimer couramment et comprendre aisément les énoncés tant écrit qu’oraux sur l’impact du football dans le processus de reconciliation d’un pays



Expose : point focal maitrise des quatre compétences disciplinaires





Compétences disciplinaires
séances
Activités
SPEAKING
SEANCE 1
Exploitation orale du texte
WRITING
SÉANCE 2
Exploitation des structure lexicales du texte
READING
SÉANCE 3
Exploitation des structure grammaticales du  texte
LISTENING

SÉANCE 4
Etude ordonnee du texte pour comprendre sa structure logique





PERIODE : 8ere semaine – volume horaires : 5h en raison d’une heure /jour



Central topic: technology and football



TEXTE FILE 8: no more mowing and weeding on artificial turf



SAAVOIR: s’exprimer couramment et comprendre aisément les énoncés tant écrit qu’oraux sur l’apport de la de la technology dans l’ameleoration de l’air de jeu :le cas du gazon artificiel



Expose : point focal maitrise des quatre compétences disciplinaires







Compétences disciplinaires
séances
Activités
SPEAKING
SEANCE 1
Exploitation orale du texte
WRITING
SÉANCE 2
Exploitation des structure lexicales du texte
READING
SÉANCE 3
Exploitation des structure grammaticales du  texte
LISTENING
SÉANCE 4
Etude ordonnee du texte pour comprendre sa structure logique









bonne chance a tous!